1. Product Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bonded core-shell design.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless-steel, gives mechanical robustness with tensile staminas going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– typically 2– 10% of the total diameter– conveys exceptional electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is essential for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make certain strong bond and marginal interdiffusion under operational anxieties.
Electroplating is the most usual approach, providing precise density control and consistent coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate bathrooms.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes sure ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination throughout subsequent handling or service.
With time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can develop fragile iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which might endanger adaptability and long-term integrity– a difficulty mitigated by diffusion obstacles or fast processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Feature
CCSFs integrate the very best features of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity usually ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), depending on finishing thickness and purity, making CCSF considerably more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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